A herniated or bulging disc refers to a condition affecting the intervertebral discs in the spine, which act as cushions between the vertebrae.

Herniated Disc: This occurs when the soft inner gel-like material of the disc (nucleus pulposus) protrudes through a tear in the outer layer (annulus fibrosus). This bulging material can press on nearby nerves, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness in the arms or legs, depending on the location of the herniation.

Bulging Disc: In this case, the disc protrudes outward, but the inner material has not escaped through a tear. A bulging disc can also cause nerve compression, but it may be less severe than a herniated disc.

Both conditions can result from age-related degeneration, injury, or repetitive stress on the spine. Symptoms often include localized back pain, radiating pain, tingling, or weakness in the extremities, and can significantly impact daily activities. Physical therapy can help treat these conditions.